How to Write a Dissertation Proposal

The most effective method to Write a Dissertation Proposal The most effective method to Write a Dissertation Proposal A few rules are given to empower a person to compose an amazing paper proposition. Here they are for your consideration. They ought to be all around nitty gritty with respect to the examination subject. Momentum research demonstrates that to have the option to compose a decent paper proposition, understudies must be well familiar with the current point. This implies they have to increase a ton of data on the topic by perusing a few materials and books on the theme, know current discoveries on the point and have the option to get to different artistic sources. They ought to have the option to go outside the territory of study. This principally implies they will have the option to explore from related points and subsequently, the examination work introduced will be interesting, accordingly exceeding past exploration on the topic. The issue of going outside the given zone of study is a bit of leeway in that it is a decent wellspring of new thoughts for a given zone of study. They must be mindful. The issue of consideration is a useful asset, particularly, in the handy utilization of information picked up. Likewise, it encourages people to know the different techniques, just as the systems, utilized in a given examination. This at that point turns into an incredible wellspring of data for the expansive subject of study. They should realize how to refer to papers. For example, a person who knows the rundown of writers who composed a specific article would give an extraordinary referenced thesis proposition paper. Also, having a decent information in the region of text references would result to an extraordinary thesis proposition. They ought to be innovative. At the point when an analyst can allude to investigate papers that were composed beforehand and thought of new thoughts, the result archive is the fate of more prominent incentive in contrast with prior reports. The following is the recommended group that ought to be utilized in the composition of a thesis proposition: An away from of the exploration question within reach. Legitimizing the Research Project. Composing a writing survey. Gathering applied and hypothetical exploration work. Expressing the exploration system. Giving a nitty gritty exploration plan that demonstrates how the different examination stages will be completed. Financial plan and Time factor. References along with informative supplements. Do consistently recollect that, on the off chance that you neglect to form an exposition proposition all alone and the cutoff time is expected in a brief timeframe, you can generally contact the custom composing organization for help. Capable journalists will save you on the off chance that you are out of luck and you will get a painstakingly made paper inside the time you had shown to them. Do you despite everything need paper proposition help on the web? You can employ our PhD authors who will compose a custom proposition for your paper. Attempt our composing administration now!

Attack on Fort Sumter Began the Civil War in 1861

Assault on Fort Sumter Began the Civil War in 1861 The shelling of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 denoted the start of the American Civil War. With the blasting of guns over the harbor in Charleston, South Carolina, the withdrawal emergency holding the nation swelled into a shooting war. The assault on the fortress was the perfection of a stewing struggle in which a little battalion of Union soldiers in South Carolina wound up confined when the state withdrew from the Union. The activity at Fort Sumter kept going under two days and had no incredible strategic importance. What's more, setbacks were minor. Be that as it may, the imagery was colossal on the two sides. When Fort Sumter was terminated upon there was no turning around. The North and the South were at war. The Crisis Began With Lincolns Election in 1860 Following the appointment of Abraham Lincoln, the competitor of the abolitionist subjugation Republican Party, in 1860, the territory of South Carolina reported its aim to withdraw from the Union in December 1860. Pronouncing itself free of the United States, the state government requested that bureaucratic soldiers leave. Foreseeing inconvenience, the organization of the active president, James Buchanan, had requested a solid U.S. Armed force official, Major Robert Anderson, to Charleston in late November 1860 to order the little station of government troops guarding the harbor. Significant Anderson understood that his little battalion at Fort Moultrie was in peril as it could undoubtedly be overwhelmed by infantry. The evening of December 26, 1860, Anderson astounded even individuals from his own staff by requesting a transition to a post arranged on an island in Charleston Harbor, Fort Sumter. Fortification Sumter had been worked after the War of 1812 to shield the city of Charleston from outside intrusion, and it was intended to repulse a maritime assault, not a barrage from the city itself. Be that as it may, Major Anderson felt it was the most secure spot wherein to put his order, which numbered under 150 men. The secessionist legislature of South Carolina was shocked by Andersons move to Fort Sumter and requested that he clear the fortification. Requests that every government troop leave South Carolina heightened. Clearly Major Anderson and his men couldnt wait for long at Fort Sumter, so the Buchanan organization sent a dealer boat to Charleston to carry arrangements to the fortification. The boat, Star of the West, was terminated on by secessionist shore batteries on January 9, 1861, and couldn't arrive at the stronghold. The Crisis at Fort Sumter Intensified While Major Anderson and his men were detached at Fort Sumter, frequently cut off from any correspondence with their own legislature in Washington, DC, occasions were raising somewhere else. Abraham Lincoln made a trip from Illinois to Washington for his initiation. It is accepted that a plot to kill him in transit was thwarted. Lincoln was introduced on March 4, 1861, and was before long made mindful of the earnestness of the emergency at Fort Sumter. Informed that the post would come up short on arrangements, Lincoln requested boats of the U.S. Naval force to sail to Charleston and gracefully the stronghold. The recently shaped Confederate government kept up requests that Major Anderson give up the stronghold and leave Charleston with his men. Anderson can't, and at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate gun situated at different focuses on the territory started shelling Fort Sumter. The Battle of Fort Sumter The shelling by Confederates from a few positions encompassing Fort Sumter went unanswered until after sunlight, when Union heavy armament specialists started bringing fire back. The two sides traded gun discharge for the duration of the day of April 12, 1861. By dusk, the pace of the guns had eased back, and an overwhelming precipitation pelted the harbor. When morning unfolded clear the guns thundered once more, and discharge started to break out at Fort Sumter. With the fortification in ruins, and with provisions running out, Major Anderson had to give up. Under the acquiescence terms, the government troops at Fort Sumter would basically get together and sail to a northern port. On the evening of April 13, Major Anderson requested a white banner to be raised over Fort Sumter. The assault on Fort Sumter had delivered no battle setbacks, however two government troops kicked the bucket during an oddity mishap at a function after the acquiescence when a gun failed. The government troops had the option to board one of the U.S. Naval force ships which had been sent to carry supplies to the fortress, and they cruised to New York City. Upon appearance in New York, Major Anderson discovered that he was viewed as a national legend for having safeguarded the post and the national banner at Fort Sumter. Effect of the Attack on Fort Sumter The residents of the North were shocked by the assault on Fort Sumter. What's more, Major Anderson, with the banner that had flown over the fortification, showed up at a gigantic meeting in New York Citys Union Square on April 20, 1861. The New York Times assessed the group at in excess of 100,000 individuals. Significant Anderson likewise visited the northern states, enlisting troops. In the South, sentiments likewise ran high. The men who terminated the guns at Fort Sumter were considered legends, and the recently framed Confederate government was encouraged to shape a military and plan for war. While the activity at Fort Sumter had not added up to much militarily, its imagery was tremendous, and serious emotions over what had happened impelled the country into a contention that would not end for four long and grisly years.

Improving A Workplace As A Learning Environment Assignment

Improving A Workplace As A Learning Environment Assignment Improving A Workplace As A Learning Environment â€" Assignment Example > (20, May, 2010)Improving a Workplace as a Learning EnvironmentThe learning environment will be in the Finance department within a publicly owned company. In this company the Finance department employs a total of 70 employees, with the accounting office having fifteen employees among them a Finance Director, Chief Accountant and three senior accountants. The rest of the staff in the accounts office are junior accountants who act as the support staff. The learning need that was identified was a communication breakdown between the customer and the organization, after the contract with the organization had been signed. This study will address the learning strategy that the human resources department used with the aim of improving the communication by setting the strategies of turning the department into a learning environment. The department required training in communications and the training method that was selected was workplace learning. The learning was to start from the finance department but later would be applied to other departments. The overall objective was to develop the whole organization into a learning company, starting with the finance department and on to other departments. The human resources managers suggested that the best workplace strategies that would bring the best results would be, action learning, mentoring and self directed learning. The process would also introduce an orientation program to the employees. This process would be also conducted on every new employee who would join the organization. This study will address each of these methods. These strategies were to be used to achieve the main goals, good communication within departments and to customers, improved participation by all employees in policy making and tapping individual’s talents and promote training in these areas. The organization had targeted to promote and encourage college attendance of ten percent of employees who were to get study time to improve on their grad es. Workplace learning is the process by which a learner, the employee in this workplace joins a workplace as an employee or and from this workplace learns all the necessary skills from the basic skills, to technical skills and practical applications to the management skills that are required in that particular role. The learner develops the skills and becomes a resource for the organization. In this way both the individual and the organization will benefit. The employees become self motivated. There is more training in practical skills. It is a continuous process and leads to a great sense of control, purpose and job satisfaction by the employees which in this case would improve the services to the customer (Public Health Foundation, 2010). The Human Resources development decided to create structures, not only in the sales and accounting departments but also in the whole organizations that would encourage formal and structural training as well as enhance informal training such as creating teams that would help in solving problems. This learning need within the accounting and sales department was seen as a way of identifying training opportunities within the organization. The using of teams in a learning organization has been recognized, as these teams are used as opportunities of learning for the less experienced. The importance of continuous improvement processes in an organization has been recognized and especially when it is focused on customer care services. The human resources managers selected the senior accountants who were to act as trainers to the identified number of employees. The senior accountants had to attend training which was done externally from a management consultant firm.

Rise of the Roman Empire Essay - 1196 Words

Rise of the Roman Empire The legend about Rome’s origins puts the founding of the city at around 735 B.C. It is said that a Vestal Virgin gave birth to twin boys, Romulus and Remus, and claimed that they were the sons of the god Mars. The Vestal Virgin was the sister of a king. The king believed that she was lying and imprisoned her. He put her two boys in a basket and threw it into the Tiber River. A she-wolf found the twins and raised them. The twins, Romulus and Remus, came back and killed the king and founded the city of Rome. Afterwards Romulus and Remus fought and Remus was killed. Romulus was Rome’s first king and after he died, he became a god and vanished. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Romans were tribal people who lived in†¦show more content†¦Once Rome had established its independence, the other Latin tribes followed. The Latins then joined up in a league against the Romans. Troubled by this, Rome abandoned its claim of hegemony in Latium. Rome saw advantage in peace and cooperation and in 493 Rome joined an alliance with its Latin neighbors as an equal. This was to be the Latin League. The alliance treaty held that business contracts between people from different states within the alliance were to be bound by law. The treaty held that in wars against outsiders, alliance members were to share in commanding armies and in the spoils of war.† In 390 B.C, several tribes of Celts that the Romans called Gauls attacked Rome. They defeated the Romans and ransacked the city but they could not defeat the soldiers fortified in the citadel. They finally gave up and left the Rome. The city was in ruins and many people wanted to leave and go to a nearby city. In the end however, the Romans decided to stay. They rebuilt the city and its walls. This defeat was very significant in Roman history because it made them adopt new and more effective military weaponry. They stopped using the spear in favor of a two-foot long sword, adopting helmets, breastplates and a shield with iron edges. They reorganized their army, putting in the front rank of their battle line not the wealthy soldiers as before but the youngest and strongest. The Romans then successfully defended themselves against attacks by Etruscans, Volscians, andShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Roman Empire973 Words   |  4 Pagessee how empires grew and became successful. Many em pires were so successful because of their leaders and their philosophies. Empires often had good runs and would be running successful until a stronger and more powerful empire would bring them down. One empire that was known as the most advanced both socially and politically in the western civilization was the Roman Empire. At about 285 CE the empire was so greatly advanced that the Roman central government could no longer rule the empire on its ownRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2740 Words   |  11 Pagesone thing comes to mind, the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of all time. The span of the Roman Empire grew from itself outward to the countries of England, Africa, Spain, and even Syria. The Roman Empire covered a vast area of land, with ambitions of continued growth. The Roman Empire rose to glory in 27 BC. The rise of the Roman Empire began with its military forces and its many emperor’s reign. The society and life of Romans were also affected by the empire’sRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire Essay1875 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. He started his reign in 307 AD. During this time the Roman Empire was still composed mainly of pagans. Although the population of Christians was on the rise, in the beginning of the fourth century, Christians made up only 10 percent of the population in the Roman Empire. There were approximately five million Christians in the Roman Empire meaning that they were still the minority (Waldron). His conversion was an important turningRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1494 Words   |  6 Pagescentral Europe and occupied by several Celtic tribes in pre-Roman times. The land was claimed by the Roman Empire once the Celtic tribe Noricum fell to the Empire and became a providence. Once the Roman Empire gained control of the area, it soon set up a Military camp on the eastern side of the providence calling it the Upper Pannonia providence which was the home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years. After the fall of the Roman Empire; Charlemagne, King of the Franks, had control of the land atRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2506 Words   |  11 PagesOne of the greatest empires to have existed in ancient human history is undoubtedly the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire maintained very sophisticated governmental policies. Not only were they responsible for groundbreaking political systems, Rome was very technologically advanced as well. Rome would lay a foundation for civilizations to come with the innovative political and technological breakthroughs they experienced. Unfortunately for Rome, the higher the rise also meant the harder the fall. RomeRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2137 Words   |  9 Pagesas the Roman Empire was nearly compromised after the German Visigoths and their leader, Alaric, invaded it in 410 AD. This invasion of the newly Christian Empire that was supposed to be invincible shattered the confidence of the Romans and subsequently led them to question the power of their new single God. The Roman Empire has previously been a Pagan empire, but Constantine the Great converted the empire to Christianity less than a century before the Visigoths captured Rome. Many Romans were skepticalRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1864 Words   |  8 PagesJulius Caesar , a Roman general and statesman he turned the Roman republic into a powerful Roman Empire. A coup ended his reign , and his powerful life , on the Ides Of March. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Cr assus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservativeRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire is widely regarded as one of, if not the most dominant government to ever exist. Early civilization in Europe was dominated by the Romans, and their constantly growing empire. With the help of Greek political ideas, the Romans adopted one very similar where supreme power is held by the people from their elected representatives. These representatives were a part of the Senate, where all political laws were made and enforced, very similar idea to the type of Senate that existsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1224 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantine’s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marks a turning point of the Roman world and drives the spread Christianity. With Diocletian’s abdication in 305 A.D., Constantine’s troops acclaimed him as Caesar. The age of persecution began in 303 A.D. under Diocletian as an effort to rid the Roman Empire of Christians. It wasRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire863 Words   |  4 Pagesanyone who did not speak Greek. During the decline of the Roman Empire, many barbaric tribes took the opportunity to attack. The migration of barbarians closer to Rome put stress on an already stressed Roman government. The increased tension eventually lead to an outbreak of wars. In 410 Rome was sacked by the Visigoths—lead by Alaric—and was attacked again in 455 but the Vandals (â€Å"Dining With Attila the Hun, 448†). Attacks on the Roman Empire by the Huns did not start until the middle of the 5th century

Biography of Bernie Sanders, Independent Socialist

Bernie Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician, who since 2007, has served in the United States Senate as the junior Senator from Vermont. First elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990, Sanders is the longest-serving Independent in the history of the U.S. Congress. A self-described democratic socialist, Sanders mounted an unsuccessful campaign for the 2016 Democratic nomination for President of the United States, losing the bid to Hillary Clinton. On February 19, 2019, Sanders announced he would again seek the Democratic Partys nomination for the 2020 presidential election. Bernie Sanders Fast Facts Full Name: Bernard â€Å"Bernie† SandersKnown For: Twice sought nomination as U.S. presidential candidateBorn: September 8, 1941 in Brooklyn, New YorkParents: Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders and Dorothy Dora SandersEducation: University of Chicago (Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, 1964)Published Works: Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution (2017)Spouses: Deborah Shiling (m. 1964-1966), Jane OMeara (m. 1988)Children: Levi SandersNotable Quote: â€Å"Democratic socialism means that we must reform a political system that is corrupt, that we must create an economy that works for all, not just the very wealthy.† Early Life and Education Sanders was born on September 8, 1941, in Brooklyn, New York City, to Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders and Dorothy Dora Sanders. Along with his older brother, Larry, Sanders lived in Brooklyn, where he attended James Madison High School and Hebrew school in the afternoons. After studying at Brooklyn College from 1959 to 1960, he transferred to the University of Chicago, graduating in 1964 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. Political Career and Timeline Having lost several of his relatives in the Holocaust, Sanders’ interest in the importance of politics and government began early in his life. While a student at Brooklyn College, he was an organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement. After moving to Vermont in 1968, Sanders, running as an Independent, won his first of four terms as Mayor of Burlington in 1981. In 1990, Sanders was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Vermont’s at-large congressional district. He would later co-found the Congressional Progressive Caucus and go on to serve 16 years in the House. In 2006, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and was reelected in 2012 and 2018. In 2015, Sanders campaigned unsuccessfully for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. Though given little chance, he won primaries or caucuses in 23 states, garnering 43% of pledged delegates to the Democratic Convention, to Hillary Clintons 55%. Sanders went on to endorse Clinton in her campaign against Republican Donald Trump. In announcing his candidacy for the Democratic Partys Nomination for president in the 2020 presidential election, Sanders joined a crowded field of other candidates and potential candidates, including incumbent President Donald Trump and senators Elizabeth Warren, Kamala Harris, and Cory Booker.   The official government biography for Sanders lists his previous nonpolitical occupations as carpenter and journalist. A 2015 profile of Sanders by Politico reporter Michael Kruse quoted a political ally as saying his work as a carpenter was rudimentary and not good enough to support his family. It also detailed Sanders freelance work for the Vermont Freeman, a small alternative newspaper in Burlington called the Vanguard Press and a magazine called Vermont Life. However, none of his freelance work paid much. Heres a summary of Sanders political career: 1972: Unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate as an independent1972:  Unsuccessfully ran for governor of Vermont  as an independent1974:  Unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate  as an independent1976:  Unsuccessfully ran for governor of Vermont  as an independent1981: Won election to mayor of Burlington, Vermont, by 10 votes1986:  Unsuccessfully ran for governor of Vermont  as an independent1988: Unsuccessfully ran for Congress as an independent1989: Left office as mayor of  Burlington, Vermont1990: Won election to the U.S. House of Representatives2006: Won election to the U.S. Senate for the first time2007: Left the U.S. House of Representatives after eight two-year terms2012: Won re-election to the U.S. Senate2016: Campaigned unsuccessfully for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination2018: Won re-election to the U.S. Senate.2019: Launched a campaign for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination Personal Life Sanders married his first wife, Deborah Shiling Messing in 1964. The couple had no children and divorced in 1966. In 1969, Sanders’ natural son, Levi Sanders was born to his companion Susan Campbell Mott. In 1988, Sanders married Jane OMeara Driscoll, who later became president of Burlington College, in Burlington, Vermont. At the time they married, Driscoll had three children—Dave Driscoll, Carina Driscoll, and Heather Titus. Sanders also has seven grandchildren. Though he has described his religious heritage as American Jew, Sanders only occasionally attends synagogue, stating in 2016 that he had â€Å"very strong religious and spiritual feelings† and explained, â€Å"My spirituality is that we are all in this together and that when children go hungry, when veterans sleep out on the street, it impacts me.† Key Issues Sanders is most passionate about income inequality in the United States. But he is also outspoken about racial justice, universal healthcare, womens rights, climate change, reforming how Wall Street works, and getting big money out of American politics. But he has identified the disruption of the American middle class as the issue of our time. The American people must make a fundamental decision. Do we continue the 40-year decline of our middle class and the growing gap between the very rich and everyone else, or do we fight for a progressive economic agenda that creates jobs, raises wages, protects the environment and provides health care for all? Are we prepared to take on the enormous economic and political power of the billionaire class, or do we continue to slide into economic and political oligarchy? These are the most important questions of our time, and how we answer them will determine the future of our country. On Socialism Sanders is not shy about his identification as a socialist.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ive run outside of the two-party system, defeating Democrats and Republicans, taking on big-money candidates and, you know, I think the message that has resonated in Vermont is a message that can resonate all over this country, he has said. Net Worth Compared to the likes of Donald Trump, who claimed he was worth $10 billion, and millionaires Hillary Clinton, Ted Cruz and Jeb Bush, Sanders was poor. His net worth in 2013 was estimated at  $330,000 by the nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics. His 2014 tax returns showed he and his wife earned  $205,000 that year, including his $174,000 salary as a U.S. senator. Updated by Robert Longley   Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Sanders, Bernard (1941 – ).† Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.Nicholas, Peter (2016). â€Å"Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent.† The Wall Street Journal.Seitz-Wald, Alex (2015). â€Å"Bernie Sanders explains democratic socialism.† MSNBC.Krieg, Gregory Krieg. â€Å"Bernie Sanders launches second presidential campaign.† CNNMangla, Ismat Sarah. â€Å"Why Arent American Jews Celebrating Bernie Sanders In 2016?† International Business Times.

Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind Essay - 2412 Words

Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind In The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle attempts, in his own words, to explode the myth of Cartesian dualism. His primary method in this endeavour is to explain why it is a logical error to describe minds and bodies with semantically similar language; while secondarily, he proposes that even to speak of minds as a second-order ontology is to take the first step in the wrong direction towards intellectual clarity. Thus, with the desire to arrive at this hypothetical locale, the following peripatetic discussion will set out with Ryle at his point of departure, viz. Descartes Myth; it will then survey the lay-of-the-land at Ryles mapped out midway point, viz. Self-Knowledge; and from there, judge†¦show more content†¦The category-mistake is precisely the error that Ryle accuses philosophers to have made when describing minds, and also, when describing bodies; for these thinkers have clumsily referred to these things as minds and bodies; i.e. things of the same logical type. The res ult of this mistake, according to Ryle, is a conflation of causal ideas. Therefore, because physical events can be described as adhering to physical laws, theorists have assumed that mental events must adhere to mental laws. And just as physical phenomena occur outside the mind and are publicly witnessable, so too, following the mistaken logic, must mental phenomena occur inside the mind. Further proof of this conflation of concepts is found by looking at how the Mind has been described, i.e. as a private theatre attended by one alone. Following The Myth then, there must be two different types of existence -- one having physical status, the other having mental status: somewhat as the faces of coins are either heads or tails...so it is supposed, some existing is physical existing, other existing is mental existing.3 Thus the physical, as matter existing in time and space, is subject to mechanical laws; whereas the mental, as consciousness existing only in time, is subject to para-mechanical laws. According to Ryle it is this type of reasoning that is responsible for the familiar philosophical embarrassment, namely: how is it possibleShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind1107 Words   |  5 PagesGilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and is a rejection of the philosophical theory that mental states are distinct from physical states. Ryle argues that the traditional approach to the relation of mind and body (i.e., the approach which is taken by the philosophy of Descartes) assumes that there is a basic distinction between Mind and Matter. According to Ryle, this assumption is aRead MoreEssay on Cartesian Dualism and Gilbert Ryle1899 Words   |  8 Pages Gilbert Ryle is well known in the philosophical world specifically as a behaviorist. According to Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy behaviorist are â€Å"followers in the ‘ordinary language’ tradition of analytic philosophy, while, for the most part, regarding behavioral scientific hopes as vain, hold views that are, in other respects, strongly behaviorists†(Hauser 1). In the middle of the twentieth century the ordinary lang uage behaviorist movement was strongly covered by Ryle and Wittgenstein. TheseRead More The Concept of Intelligence Essay3428 Words   |  14 PagesThe Concept of Intelligence ABSTRACT: Gilbert Ryle’s dispositional analysis of the concept of intelligence makes the error of assimilating intelligence to the category of dispositional or semi-dispositional concepts. Far from being a dispositional concept, intelligence is an episodic concept that refers neither to dispositions nor to ‘knowing how,’ but to a fashion or style of proceeding whose significance is adverbial. Being derivative from the function of the adverb ‘intelligently,’ the conceptRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 Pagesscholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theory on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship between the mind and body. He created the early version to further explain the interac tion of the mind and body, to create a firm foundation that can be explained through scienceRead MoreDescartes Teachings On Dualism977 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes sees the mind as an immaterial, non-physical soul. He believes that his thoughts can be altered but he can never be tricked into the thinking that he is thinking when he is not. While he has complete faith in the existence of his mind, he doubts the existence of his body and the existence of other people s minds. The reason for his doubt in his body is that he believes he can be tricked into perceiving himself as having a body when he in fact does not. Descartes sees the mind as separate fromRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 PagesThe Philosophy of Cognitive Science Psychophysical dualism — the distinction between mind and body — is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the main ontological problem of the philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properlyRead MoreCartesian Dualism vs Logical Behaviorism Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesAre minds physical things, or are they nonmaterial? If your beliefs and desires are caused by physical events outside of yourself, how can it be true that you act the way you do of your own free will? Are people genuinely moved by the welfare of others, or is all behavior, in reality, selfish? (Sober 203). These are questions relevant to philosophy of the mind and discussed through a variety of arguments. Two of the most important arg uments with this discussion are Cartesian dualism and logical behaviorismRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Mind-Body Problem Oluwadamilola Kamson Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy November 2016 INTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysisRead MoreThe Cartesian Theory Of Mind1648 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher responsible for many ideas and theories still used in the philosophical world today. He earned the nickname â€Å"Father of modern philosophy† for his work. One of his most in depth and lasting legacies is his â€Å"mind-body dualism† thesis also known as the Cartesian theory of mind. The Cartesian theory states that there are two different types of existence, physical and mental. Whatever exists must fall into only one of these existences and they cannot be both. This could be compared to theRead MoreThe Nature Of Mind By David Armstrong Essay1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn David Armstrong’s thought-provoking work titled, The Nature of Mind, he explains that the most convincing way to make sense of the mind-body problem is to approach it in a materialistic way. Specifically, Armstrong shows that the science of physico-chemical processes of the brain is the best way to explain the nature of our mind. He goes on to explain traditional and dispositional behaviorism, and states his own materialistic take on behaviorism. His arguments throughout his paper are very logical

Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute. Answer: Situation Aboriginal people have always lived in the Sydney district. The original natives who have lived in the city itself are the Gadigal people. The Council of Sydney acknowledges the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islander peoples as the actual custodians and owners to the lands where Sydney is situated. There are almost twenty-nine clans and tribes in the Sydney metropolitan area, who are collectively revered to as the Eora Nation (Heiss Gibson, 2015). The whole of the Sydney district has been traditionally occupied by various Aboriginal people. The territory of the Gadi people stretches from the southern side of Port Jackson, South Head to Petersham. The Alexandra canal and the Cooks river lie to the south of the territorial border of these people. The current discussion would be looking into the upcoming event that would be exhibiting the different aspects of the Aboriginal lives and culture of Sydney, which is scheduled to be held near the harbour, and understand how would it be ben eficial for me to know my community and culture in a better light. The exhibition has been aptly named The Aboriginals of Sydney: Our Heritage. The Eora people are the natives living in the coastal region of Sydney. The word was used by the Aboriginal people to describe to the earliest British settlers to describe where they came from, as well as to describe themselves as a clan (MacPhersonet al., 2016). To this day, the term is used by the descendants of the original Eora people and is like a mark that is proudly worn. The exhibition that is being organised by the citys Aboriginal community aims to expose the side of the ancient tribes that is unknown for many people, including the Aboriginal people, especially the younger generations. This exhibition would be helpful for me to understand my own community and culture in a better way. Moreover, the event would benefit me to properly assess the influence of the Aboriginal people on the European settlers and also look at the Aboriginals as my ancestors as well. The heritage of Sydney cannot by any means leave the natives out and this would facilitate me to have a better grasp of the legacy of the region. Evidence The native Gadi people use ancestral stories and ancient rituals to exert and establish their connection with the land, animals, sea, skies and the nature as a whole. When the first European settlers arrived in Sydney to establish the Penal Colony, about two hundred distinct native languages were spoken in the region (McKenna, 2015). The invasions almost wiped out the entire Gadigal people; however, the descendants of the Eora survived and are now an integral part of the metropolitan Sydney area. There have been many debates regarding as to which group do the twenty-nine clans belong to. It has been, however, established that while the Eora are the coastal occupants of the region, the Dharug or the Darug live in the inland areas, stretching from Parramatta to the Blue Mountains. On the other hand, the Dharawal people have lived in the area that lies south of Botany Bay and extends as far south as the Nowra region and across the Georges River in western Sydney (McKenna, 2015). The nor thern part of Port Jackson along the coast was inhabited by the Guringai or the Kuring-gai people. The group that is described as the Eora, is comprised of the clans Gadigal, Wallumedegal, Boromedegal, Gamaragal, Wangal, Borogegal, Gayamaygal and the Birrabiragal. Darug, Guringai and Dharawal are the three primary languages of the clan. Gundungurra was spoken in the south-west region of the territory and Darginung was spoken to the north-west of the Hawkesbury River.The tribes of this region relied heavily on fishing and other marine occupations. As the early colonisers arrived to Sydney, the Aboriginal people were friendly towards the new settlers. Even then, occasional problems did ensue from time to time. Yet, a cordial relationship has always been apparent in the region among the Aboriginals and the European people throughout the history of the region, which is a major contrast to the rest of the country. The areas around the harbour and the port were important hunting and fishing locations for the Aboriginal peoples or the region and, even after the European settlements, have remained culturally significant to the natives to this day (Connell, 2015). The first contact with the European people had destroyed civilisations and tribes all over the country; but the Gadigal culture managed to survive and is still in existence today in the Sydney. The Gadigal, along with other tribes who were the original inhabitants of the area around New South Wales moved to Sydney as the city developed and they have been since incorporated i nto the identity and culture of the city. The massive urbanisation of the Aboriginal communities is the most significant aspect of todays native people in Sydney. Action Over the twentieth century, the Aboriginal people have also participated in the political system of the region and have significant influences on the actions of the Territorial Government. This helped to create and develop a complex support system and privileges for the citys Aboriginal populace (Martin Trigger, 2015). The political activism has also helped the natives to be established as one of the most important parts of the regional as well as Australian culture. The state government has also publicly accepted the authority of the Aboriginals and their status as the original custodians of the lands. Redfern has been one of the most notable areas for civil rights movements and political activism for the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders. The Aboriginal people have also developed their own education system over the last century and this has helped the younger generations to understand their own culture in a better way and has also paved the ways so that self-awareness cou ld be used to make them more determined to preserve their culture despite living in a cosmopolitan environment (Connell, 2015). With the knowledge that I already possess on the natives of the region, the exhibition would be further supplying me with the necessary tools and perceptions to get a better understanding of my own community. The heritage, legacy and the cultural history of my own people would better understood by me by attending the exhibition. References Connell, R. (2015). Setting sail: The making of sociology in Australia, 195575.Journal of Sociology,51(2), 354-369. Heiss, A., Gibson, M. J. (2015). Aboriginal people and place. Sydneys Aboriginal History. Sydney Barani, City of Sydney. MacPherson, L., O'Donnell, E., Godden, L., O'Neill, L. (2016). Water in northern Australia: a history of Aboriginal exclusion.Green Left Weekly, (1105), 10. Martin, R. J., Trigger, D. (2015). Negotiating belonging: plants, people, and indigeneity in northern Australia.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,21(2), 276-295. McKenna, M. (2015). Memorialising as recognition.History Australia,12(3), 219.

First generation human rights vs. second generation human rights free essay sample

In her article, â€Å"The International Law of Human Rights,† Debra DeLaet explains that the United Nations differentiates between civil and political rights (first generation rights), and economic, social and cultural rights (second generation rights). While both sets of rights are vital to ensure basic human rights in any society, second generation rights are more essential in enabling people to lead dignified lives. At least some version of first generation rights are guaranteed to citizens of most democratic societies. In contrast, economic, social and cultural rights – although fundamental to individual dignity and well-being – are not applied equally without discrimination in even the most affluent democracies like the United States, which purports to uphold human rights. Without these basic economic, social and cultural rights, societies cannot uphold freedom and equality for all. One reason why economic, social and cultural rights should take precedence over civil and political rights is because without second generation rights, first generation rights are essentially useless. We will write a custom essay sample on First generation human rights vs. second generation human rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First generation rights are more specific in nature and are targeted towards individual members of society, rather than society as a whole. Second generation rights address more universal needs that everyone in a given society should be guaranteed in order to live with basic dignity. If one compares the list of first generation rights to that of second generation rights, the former seem to presume the context of a free, democratic and capitalist society. In order for these types of rights to have any value, they must exist in a state that already recognizes the freedom and equality of all its citizens, and that guarantees their basic human, cultural and social needs are met. That is to say that they are free to practice their cultural traditions, to receive equal education, to be able to earn a living, to have access to basic healthcare, food and water, etc. This is not the case in many countries around the world. The civil and political right of being allowed to practice your own religion is one reason why a country would not agree with first generation rights. Many states that are xenophobic or have a dominate religion in their country will have many arguments to bring up as to why they would disagree with this right. One change, needed more so in first generation than second generation rights, to obtain widespread support, is to begin with including a wide range of provisions which will reflect different states’ traditions. These conflicting views between states eliminates the chance of creating universally accepted human rights and only encourages some states to set human rights obligations as goals, rather than operative mandates. Only then, will the precedence of second generation rights over first generation rights will be lowered. The way states adhere to all rights within their territory is by self-enforcement and human rights organizations that act as international watchdogs. Some rights require more enforcement than others, but it entirely depends on whether or not the state has recognized one of the rights. A large reason why some states do and do not ratify some human rights treaties is because the amount of resources used to enforce that these rights are being applied differ. Civil and political rights do not require much resources of a state to enforce. Economic, social and cultural rights do require state resources and can sometimes be costly; seriously affecting the states’ decision to recognize them. Second generation rights are geared towards more basic, fundamental human rights such as the right to an adequate standard of living, right to education and the right to clothing. This is unsettling to some states because by guaranteeing these rights, their citizens would have opportunities to become more informed and empowered, and to potententially attempt to change the established socio-political order. It is hard to argue that the right to food is not essential to human life. The right to education could actually be economically beneficial to a given state, and it empowers people to take more control over their own lives. How can people live with dignity, let alone benefit from civil or political rights, when they cannot read and are hungry? Without the right to education, people cannot make informed decisions or contribute to political and civil society. States may fear that if their citizens are educated, the pre-existing government would lose power because more people would want to participate civil life or in politics. Many countries felt threatened by the UN’s increasing emphasis on human rights, claiming their internal state affairs are no one else’s business and fearing loss sovereignty. Some state governments associate the education of their people to sparking the growth of democracy and even possibly capitalism in their country. This is one of the main reasons why states have trouble agreeing to a whole list or covenant set out by the UN. Civil and political rights are less empowering to the citizenry as a collective whole, and are relatively simple changes for states to make internally. Some states’ exclusion of more second generation rights versus first generation rights is doing nothing to counteract cheap labour, world hunger or to ensure fair trade throughout the global community. For the good of our global citizenry, the UN should, quite obviously, implement the rights listed under economic, social and cultural rights into international law. But, that does not seem like it will happen at all anytime soon due to resistance from a number of key players, including the United States. There is a large problem with the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights into international law. The countries that have the most influence in creating the economic, social and cultural human rights are also the same countries that should have the easiest time enforcing these rights within their societies. That is because these states are superpowers and the majority of them are democracies with lots of money. For example, the US, France and the UK already had second generation rights in place for the majority of their populations. These are also countries that they rely heavily on cheap foreign labour from countries that do not protect the second generation rights of their citizens in order to maintain cheap domestic consumer prices. The implementation of second generation rights into international law would mean no more access to this cheap labour for the superpower states, and the demand for certain scarce resources among some countries would rise dramatically. People living in developing countries would become too equal, demanding higher standards of living and higher wages for work; basically everything a citizen of more privileged country has come to expect. This means demand and competition for materials and services would increase, creating a world where everyone wants what they cannot have. UN Security Council and other global superpowers would be shooting themselves in the foot and the current geo-political balance of power would be upset if second generation rights were to become international law. In addition, it would be impossible to impose these rights on some countries who refuse to abide by them, thus hindering the legitimacy of international law. Economic, social and cultural rights are more essential to human dignity than civil and political rights for many reasons. Civil and political rights can be interpreted to suit the particular ideology of a given state. Economic, social and cultural rights, if guaranteed, would be universal and ensure basic dignity for all. They would help build a strong foundation upon which civil and political rights could be exercised. On their own, civil and political rights are too open to interpretation by self-serving states. Human rights outlined by the UN can be contradictory and unclear, causing confusion or providing states with an excuse to negligently ignoring some rights. Although second generation rights are more important to enable people to live dignified lives, they are harder for states to fully guarantee to their people. On the other hand, first generation rights allow for a minimal amount of change in citizens’ rights and are therefore more appealing to many countries.

Free Essays on B. F. Skinner

The Man On March 20, 1904, in a Pennsylvania railroad town known as Susquehanna, one of the world’s most famous Behaviorist’s was born. This man would go on to revolutionize the field of Behavioral Psychology with his experiments, inventions, and ideas. This man was named B. F. Skinner. Burrhus Frederick Skinner grew up in a rather â€Å"warm and stable home,† with a lawyer father, a housewife mother, and a younger brother (â€Å"The History of,† 2004). Throughout his childhood years, Burrhus loved to build things: cabins, steering carts, dams, and even a perpetual motion machine (which did not work). He spent much of his childhood building all sorts of contraptions (â€Å"The History of,† 2004). He spent all 12 grades of school in the same building, during which he displayed a knock for learning and a curiosity for life (Boeree, 1998). Even early in life, Skinner proved to be questioning of his surroundings and of knowledge taught in school. His eighth grade teacher, Ms. Mary Graves, told him that Shakespeare had written As You Like It, despite his opposing view that it had been written by a man named Francis Bacon. Being dead set in his ways, Skinner did his research, and for months afterwards, made the life of his teacher miserable with his newfound knowledge which proved him the victor (â€Å"The History of,† 2004). He went on to receive his B.A. in English from Hamilton University in New York, and attempted a career as a writer, but failed. This led to a temporary unconventional lifestyle and a trip to Europe. Following this break in his life, Skinner attended Harvard University, where he managed to receive his Master’s and Doctorate degrees in Psychology. He remained at Harvard, doing research, until 1936. He then took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesota. Here, he met his wife, Yvonne Blue. Their union bore two daughters, the youngest becoming famous in one Skinner’s experiments, the... Free Essays on B. F. Skinner Free Essays on B. F. Skinner The Man On March 20, 1904, in a Pennsylvania railroad town known as Susquehanna, one of the world’s most famous Behaviorist’s was born. This man would go on to revolutionize the field of Behavioral Psychology with his experiments, inventions, and ideas. This man was named B. F. Skinner. Burrhus Frederick Skinner grew up in a rather â€Å"warm and stable home,† with a lawyer father, a housewife mother, and a younger brother (â€Å"The History of,† 2004). Throughout his childhood years, Burrhus loved to build things: cabins, steering carts, dams, and even a perpetual motion machine (which did not work). He spent much of his childhood building all sorts of contraptions (â€Å"The History of,† 2004). He spent all 12 grades of school in the same building, during which he displayed a knock for learning and a curiosity for life (Boeree, 1998). Even early in life, Skinner proved to be questioning of his surroundings and of knowledge taught in school. His eighth grade teacher, Ms. Mary Graves, told him that Shakespeare had written As You Like It, despite his opposing view that it had been written by a man named Francis Bacon. Being dead set in his ways, Skinner did his research, and for months afterwards, made the life of his teacher miserable with his newfound knowledge which proved him the victor (â€Å"The History of,† 2004). He went on to receive his B.A. in English from Hamilton University in New York, and attempted a career as a writer, but failed. This led to a temporary unconventional lifestyle and a trip to Europe. Following this break in his life, Skinner attended Harvard University, where he managed to receive his Master’s and Doctorate degrees in Psychology. He remained at Harvard, doing research, until 1936. He then took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesota. Here, he met his wife, Yvonne Blue. Their union bore two daughters, the youngest becoming famous in one Skinner’s experiments, the...

Experienceing MIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experienceing MIS - Assignment Example Queries would be required in order to build the required reports as well as to extract any other one time information required by Samantha from the database. Finally, Samantha would require the implementation of an application program so as to make the database connectivity simpler and more user friendly. The application that Samantha requires would be for one user, which is Samantha in this particular instance. Two scenarios are likely, Samantha could either be performing the jobs herself or through hired hands. In both cases, information regarding the customer and the job would have to be entered and monitored in a database by a single individual managing the company, which is Samantha. Since most database functions performed by Samantha would be simple, a single user personal database management system (DBMS) would be a good choice (Kroenke, Bunker, & Wilson, 2013). In terms of the particular personal DBMS, Samantha could easily implement MySQL. This would offer a reasonable personal DBMS choice since MySQL is an open license product and provides relatively simple

Relationship Marketing of services-perspectives Essay

Relationship Marketing of services-perspectives - Essay Example As Evert Gummesson (1999) advocates total relationship marketing as " Marketing based on relationships, networks and interaction, recognizing that marketing is embedded in the total management of the networks of the selling organization, the market and society". It is directed to long term, win-win relationships with individual customers, the value is jointly created between the parties involved". In the above context if we look at affinity cards networks of relationship we can easily see three parties which are involved in the relationship network are; affinity credit card issuing bank, charity or political parties or universities or other types of such organizations and the customer who held and actually using the affinity credit cards and also members of above mentioned organizations. Basically affinity cardholders are members of a particular organization or somewhat related to organizations in the form of any relationship. It may be direct or indirect like supporters of any club or political parties. Basic relationship exists between actual affinity card users and the organization to which they belongs or affiliate directly or indirectly. On the basis of such relationships organizations develop or forge a networked relationship with the bank. The second type of relationship exists between organization and the affinity card issuing branch/bank. The relationship between bank and organization depend on mutual benefits. Bank gets the loyal customers from the memberships of the organization who use their affinity credit cards and in exchange, organization gets some monetary benefits as agreed upon by the organization and the bank. This type of business-to-business relationship depends on mutual benefits for both the parties. Bank gets the whole memberships of the organization as their customer without much of investment in customer enhancement activities and the organization benefited by getting some initial signup fee and recurring money for every buying throug h credit cards. Finally the relationship between customer and organization depends on some intangible aspects such as loyalty, pride, brand using status etc. and a distinct identity. 2. As Cardweb.com (www.cardweb.com) estimated that 250 million affinity credit cards were in circulation worldwide and it is almost one-third of all credit cards. So affinity credit cards have larger share in the credit card market. If we see the reason behind the growth of affinity card market up to such level, the main reason behind this type of business is mutual benefits and trust. As we have discussed the three parties or stake holders involved in business get mutually benefited. The banks, which issue credit card, get a larger number of customers at one go. Services involving discrete transactions can be transformed into membership relationships by providing services in bulk. The advantage for the banks to provide services to the organizations of having membership relationships is that it knows who its current customers are and, usually, what use they make of the services offered. This customer information can be valuable for segmentation purposes if good records are kept and t he data are readily accessible for analysis. Banks after knowing the identities and addresses of

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses SUMMARY OF THESIS Name of speciality : Radio-diagnosis Name of System : Head and Neck Title of Thesis and : Role of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography in Paranasal Sinuses  Pathology, 2015. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla Name of Supervisor : Dr. Kavita Kapoor, Consultant Imaging, Batra Hospital and  Medical Research Centre, New Delhi. Hospital/Institute : Batra Hospital and Medical Research  Centre, New Delhi-110062. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To characterize pathologies of paranasal sinuses on MDCT and to delineate their anatomical location, extension and bony involvement. To correlate the multi detector computed tomography findings with clinical/surgical/histopathological/ microbiological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS STUDY AREA: The study was conducted at the Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging in collaboration with the Department of ENT, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre. Other departments are collaborated for acquiring cases, and follow up of patients to correlate clinically or histopathologically or microbiologically. STUDY POPULATION: 100 patients were included in our study mostly urban population. Patients belonged to both OPD and IPD cases. The study comprised of 65 males and 35 females. The number of male patients were higher than the female patients. There were 15 patients in 0 20 years age group, 36 patients in 21 40 years age group, 37 in 41 60 years age group and 12 were greater than 60 years. The age group of patients ranged from minimum of 9 months to maximum of 81 years. The highest number of patients were in 41 60 years age group. SAMPLE SIZE: 100 patients referred for evaluation of sinus complaints were enrolled in the study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and taking written/verbal informed consent from July 2013 to April 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with complaints like headache/nasal obstruction/discharge/hyposmia /swelling over cheek and with clinically suspected paranasal sinuses lesions referred for MDCT PNS evaluation. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Acute sinonasal inflammatory disease. Previous evidence of sinonasal surgery. All cases of trauma. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: (Ref.: Methods in biostatistics, Dr. B. K. Mahajan, 7th edition, pg. 85) For calculation of sample size Mahajans allowable error formula was applied. N = 4pq/e2 Where p = % of population = Target population/Total populationÃâ€"100 q = 1-p e = 20% of p As per CT room register over last 3 years Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/month = 20 Maximum no. of MDCT PNS cases coming under exclusion criteria/month = 5 So, Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/year = 240 Maximum no. of cases coming under exclusion criteria/year = 60 So, p = 180/240Ãâ€"100 = 75 q = 25 e = 20% of p = 15 N = 4Ãâ€"75Ãâ€"25/152 = 33. The minimum sample size thus calculated should be 33. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. CT PNS of the patients was evaluated for the cause of sinus complaints. Causes deduced from CT PNS were correlated with clinical/histopathological/surgical/ microbiological findings. ETHICAL ISSUES: The study was conducted after necessary approval from the Institutional review board and ethics committee. MDCT is a non-invasive modality. All safety and screening measures were undertaken as per the American College of Radiology practice guidelines for performing Computed Tomography. INSTRUMENTATION: Light VCT 64 slice MDCT of GE radical system with advanced workstation 4.3 GE. Protocol followed for MDCT PNS: 1. Scout : Lateral kV : 120 mA : 10 Scout Plane : 900 2. Axial Images kV : 120 mA : 120 Start/End : 0 to 74.3 Total Exposure Time : 5.4 sec Gantry tilt : 0 Interval : 0.625 mm Slice thickness : 0.625 mm Helical Scan Rotation Time : 0.6 sec Rotation Length : Full Pitch and Speed : 0.531:1 10.62 mm/rotation Detector Coverage : 20 mm PROFORMA Unique ID No: HISTORY: Presenting Complaints: Nasal discharge: Headache: Nasal obstruction: Epistaxis: Swelling over cheek: Hyposmia/Anosmia: Others: H/O Smoking: Occupational exposure: History of Allergy: Any other Systemic Illness: Family History: EXAMINATION: General Examination: Local Examination: Inspection: Probe test: Others: Important Surgical Findings: Investigational Results: MDCT PNS : Histopathology: Microbiological and other important lab tests: Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging Batra Hospital and Medical research Centre M.B.Road, New Delhi-110062. INFORMED CONSENT FORM I s/d/w of r/o do hereby declare that I give informed consent to participate in the thesis study titled, ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla has informed me to my full satisfaction, in the language understand, about the purpose, nature of study and various investigations to be carried out for the study. I have been informed about the duration of the study and the possible benefits and risks. I give full, free and voluntary consent for being enrolled in the above study and reserve the right to withdraw from the study whenever I wish to without any prejudice of my right to undergo further treatment at this hospital and its associated hospitals. I have been given a copy of this form along with the patient information sheet. For illiterates patient information sheet will be shared with the family members. The family members are expected to read out and then get the informed consent. We will try to take written consent, if not we will take verbal consent in front of relatives. (Signature/Thumb (Signature/Thumb Impression of patient) Impression of relative) Name: Name: Date: Relation: Verbal Consent: Date: PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET Title: ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Introduction: This statement describes the purpose, procedures, benefits, risks and discomforts of the study and your right to withdraw from the study at any point of time. Purpose: This study involves MDCT scan evaluation of patients with paranasal sinus complaints. Study Procedure: Your relevant clinical history will be recorded, clinical examination will be conducted and findings noted. MDCT PNS will be performed and the radiological findings will be recorded. These findings are correlated with clinical/surgical/histopathological/microbiological findings. Benefits: No monetary benefits will be given to you. However, any new information that can come to light regarding any new findings in the study will help in further management of the disease and help all other ailing patients suffering from this problem. Confidentiality: Records of your study participation will be kept confidential, under safe custody. Any publication of data will not identify you by name. By signing the consent form you authorise the sharing of your study related medical records to the regulatory authorities and the Institutional Ethical Committee. Information regarding withdrawal: You have the right to withdraw yourself from the study at any time during the course of the study without any prejudice to you or your familys right to undergo future treatment at BATRA HOSPITAL. Contact for additional information: Any time during or after the study, you can obtain further information about the study from Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla, Department of Radio-diagnosis, BHMRC, New Delhi. DATA ANALYSIS Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated, followed by use of Fischer Exact test. Diagnostic accuracy of MDCT for different pathologies were calculated The research hypothesis and statistical methods were formed in consultation with the Biostatistician. SALIENT FINDINGS Key imaging features considered were significant anatomical variations, site of involvement, bony and soft tissue changes, invasion of surrounding structures, pathognomic features and correlation with clinical complaints/surgical/pathological/microbiological findings. The patients were divided into five categories: bacterial sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, benign tumors, malignant tumors, and others. 84 patients presented with sub acute or chronic bacterial sinusitis, 4 patients were of fungal sinusitis, 4 patients presented with benign tumors, 3 patients with malignant tumors and 5 patients with other conditions. Among 84 patients with bacterial sinusitis, 26 patients presented with sporadic pattern, 23 patients with infundibular pattern, 23 patients with ostiomeatal unit pattern, 8 patients with polyposis pattern, and 4 patients with sphenoid recess pattern. The various causative factors which came across in infundibular pattern were Haller cells in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, uncinate process pneumatisation in 1 case, and mucoperiosteal thickening in 10 cases. The various causative factors for ostiomeatal pattern which were found during our study were: inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 4 cases, concha bullosa in 3 cases, concha lamella in 2 cases, agger nasi cell in 1 case, and paradoxical middle turbinate in 1 case. The various findings which were encountered in bacterial sinusitis in our study were: mucoperiosteal thickening in 84 cases, ostiomeatal unit block in 31 patients, bone thickening in 20 patients, bone thinning in 8 cases, and bone sclerosis in 6 patients. Various anatomical variations were encountered during our study. One or the other anatomic variation was found in 99 cases ( 99% ). Of the structures around ostiomeatal unit, giant bulla ethmoidalis was found in 35 cases, middle turbinate pneumatisation in 33 cases, paradoxical curvature of middle turbinate in 19 cases. Haller cell was found in 15 cases. Type 1 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 78 cases, type 2 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 21 cases. Deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 55 cases, inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 30 cases, accessory maxillary ostia in 26 cases, and agger nasi cell in 93 cases. Type 1 optic nerve course was found in 53 cases, type 2 in 14 cases, type 3 in 9 cases, and type 4 optic nerve course along with Onodi cells in 23 cases. Type 1 anterior clinoid process pneumatisation was found in 10 cases, type 2 pneumatisation in 1 case. Sphenoid septum lateral attachment in 7 cases, and sphenoid sinus septum pneumatisation in 14 cases. Among 4 patients with fungal sinusitis, the various findings were: bilateral / multisinus involvement was found in 4 cases, expansion of any involved sinus was found in 4 cases, intrasinus hyperdensity was found in 4 cases. Bony thinning was found in 4 cases, bony erosions and nasal cavity involvement was found in 3 cases. The various findings in 4 cases of benign tumors seen ( 1 inverted papilloma, 1 juvenile angiofibroma and 2 ivory osteomas ) were: bony thinning in 2 cases, bony remodelling in 2 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 1 case, and intra orbital extension in 1 case. Bony destruction, bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. Among 3 cases of malignant tumors, various findings were: : Bony destruction in 3 cases, bony thinning in 3 cases, bony remodelling in 0 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 2 cases, and intra orbital extension in 3 cases. Bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. In our study we found sensitivity and specificity for bacterial sinusitis as 100% and 94.11% respectively. The fungal sinusitis had sensitivity an specificity of 75% and 100% respectively. Benign, malignant tumors and others had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The diagnostic accuracy for bacterial sinusitis and fungal sinusitis was 99%, and the diagnostic accuracy of benign, malignant tumors and others was 100%. The p value was obtained after applying Fischer Exact test. The p value obtained was statistically significant for all the disease conditions. Based on the statistical values it can be inferred that multi detector computed tomography is useful to characterize paranasal sinuses lesions with respect to anatomical delineation, extension and bony involvement. There are certain limitations in our study. Our findings cannot be generalised to the whole population because of the limited sample size. However, our findings add value to the research done. The role of contrast cannot be adequately studied. The role of MRI in various paranasal sinus pathologies was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Paranasal sinus diseases are very commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Clinical assessment alone is not sufficient to reach a diagnosis, as the presentation of most of the conditions is nonspecific. Imaging forms the mainstay not only in making correct diagnosis, but also to know the extent of lesion, pre-operative assessment of the sinonasal anatomy and commonly encountered anatomic variations. X ray has low sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. CT is highly sensitive and specific in determining the presence of paranasal sinus pathology and clearly demonstrates the complex anatomy. The introduction of multi detector CT has transformed the axial imaging modality into a volumetric one and allows the pathology to be displayed in any desired plane. The capability of thin-section acquisition improves visualisation of tiny pathological details, and the isotropic nature of high spatial resolution data sets enables display in multiple planes, obvi ating image acquisition in prone or hyper extended patient position. RECOMMENDATIONS MDCT has proved to be highly sensitive in classifying the lesions into clinically relevant categories, making diagnosis and more so in knowing the extent of involvement with a high diagnostic accuracy. MDCT is an indispensible tool before Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) to accurately delineate the fine bony details that contribute to disease and also can predispose to complications which can be fatal. MDCT is very useful in predicting the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis by the presence of intrasinus hyperdensity, granulomatous diseases by the presence of nasal septal perforation and intracranial or intraorbital invasion, malignancy by bone destruction and invasion. MDCT can tailor the surgery according to the extent of disease. It helps in determining the prognosis of the malignant tumors depending on the site and extent of the disease. It can also obviate the need for surgery in certain conditions like polyposis. MRI can be problem solving tool in differentiating inflammatory sinonasal diseases from tumors, and also for the presence of intracranial or intraorbital extension. However, MRI alone cannot be performed in the evaluation of paranasal sinus diseases because of the problem of signal voids. It has to be supplemented by CT. MDCT is the preferred modality of all imaging studies available because of its ease, availability, accuracy, precision and low cost.

The Measure of Ones Life :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

The Measure of a One's Life The measure of one's life is in his or her deeds. The life of Whittier Crocket Witherspoon has been remarkable in its scope of accomplishment and influence. He's been an educator, a school principal and teacher and a political leader who's met with presidents and the political elite of our country. In 1987 Gov. Jim Hunt awarded him the Order of the Long Leaf Pine (North Carolina's highest civilian award) for a lifetime of service, and his house is a treasure trove of awards, mementos and photographs. Yet, for all the awards, all the accolades, Witherspoon seems most proud of the lives he has touched and the children who have gone on to successful careers and lives. "I am pleased to note that I have kids who have received their doctorates, and masters, and are nurses and teachers," he says. "A number are ministers. Many in this community." He came to the Albemarle area in 1955 as the principal of what was then the Sawyers Creek School, the school for blacks in a segregated Camden County school system. The U.S. Supreme Court had just ordered the desegregation of schools, and over the next 13 years, as the nation struggled with issues of racial hatred and division, the Marion Anderson School, as it was renamed in 1957, remained an island of calm in the storm. Although they were turbulent times, Witherspoon did not feel complex answers were needed. "I told (students) that when they stepped on that bus, they were mine," he says. "I told them they should love one another. I treated everybody the same. My school was run on love. L-O-V-E." It is a philosophy that comes from the pulpit of his father, a Methodist minister who traveled "all over," in the words of Witherspoon. "I have looked up most of all to my father, and I have tried to follow in his footsteps," he says. "He attempted to train us (Witherspoon and his three brothers), and looking back over the years, I see that he did very well." The lessons he learned were based on love and respect: to respect oneself, love others and love and respect this country. Witherspoon served in the U.S. Army in the South Pacific during World War II, island hopping across forgotten atolls and nameless islands.

The Effects of Sexual Abuse

The Effects of Sexual Abuse PSY/265 March 8, 2013 The Effects of Sexual Abuse When you talk about the short term and long term effects of sexual abuse, the list can be long with many variables. The variables can be anything from someone being raped by someone they do not know, which still has the same damaging effects but not to the extreme when the individual was raped by someone they know and had a relationship with. Another example of a variable that could affect short-term and long-term effects of sexual abuse would be the care that they received after the abuse happened.When an individual is able to get counseling and has a strong support system after going through something such as rape, it is suggested that somebody with this type of help after being raped is less likely to have long-term effects from a rape. Now on the other hand, if somebody does not have the support system in the counseling afterwards long-term effects are more likely to happen. When you talk about long-ter m effects are talking about weight gain, promiscuity, addictions, codependency, abuse, and no interest in sex.When you talk about the long-term effect weight gain are talking about somebody putting on weight in order to hide themselves said that they would feel in visible to others, making them feel undesirable. The long-term effect promiscuity is explained, as someone who has been raped by a family member, starts to feel that they are not worth anything unless they are having sex with somebody and feel that they cannot get love otherwise.When it comes to the long-term effect addiction, this can mean anything from having an addiction to food to hide with their failing to having an addiction to drugs and/or alcohol in order to numb the feelings that they currently are going in regards to the sexual abuse. The next long-term effects is codependency, this is explained as the victim having such a low self-esteem that they do not trust what they decide to do and need somebody to help mak e the decisions for them. References: Rathus, S. A. , Nevid, J. S. , & Fichner-Rathus, L. (2011). Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity (8th ed. ). Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.

Thoreaus Writings An Analysis - 716 Words

Let your life be a counter friction to stop the machine. What I have to do is to see, at any rate, that I do not lend myself to the wrong which I condemn, (Thoreau, 1849, Part 2, Section 5). Henry David Thoreau embodied the values he espoused in his essay Civil Disobedience. One of the most meaningful ways Thoreau helped to promote the idea that being a counter friction can stop the machine was by his writing. Thoreau used his writing to promote social justice, thereby refusing to lend himself to the wrong he so disparages. Slavery was one of those wrongs: a facet of the system of government that was so corrupt and yet completely entrenched in American society. Thoreau also acted as a counter friction to the machine of mindless government by extricating himself from the situations he found most distasteful. His experiences living close to nature at Walden Pond prove that Thoreau was sincerely dedicated to being the change that he advocated in his life. The machine Thoreau refers to in Civil Disobedience has many different meanings, the most obvious of which is government. Much of Civil Disobedience is consumed by Thoreaus concern that American government has become farcical, and sorely in need of change. Democracy, claims Thoreau, has become a system that has lost its integrity. It operates at the expense of others, bolstering the needs and wants of persons already in power. As Thoreau (1849) states at the beginning of Civil Disobedience about government inShow MoreRelatedEgoitarianism In Henry David Thoreau1662 Words   |  7 Pageshim as a very conceited, hypocritical, and egotistical individual who had little respect or empathy for humanity. On the other hand, those in praise of Thoreau describe his writing as unparalleled in terms of detailed descriptions, observations, and understanding and explanation of deeper meanings. 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