Rise of the Roman Empire Essay - 1196 Words

Rise of the Roman Empire The legend about Rome’s origins puts the founding of the city at around 735 B.C. It is said that a Vestal Virgin gave birth to twin boys, Romulus and Remus, and claimed that they were the sons of the god Mars. The Vestal Virgin was the sister of a king. The king believed that she was lying and imprisoned her. He put her two boys in a basket and threw it into the Tiber River. A she-wolf found the twins and raised them. The twins, Romulus and Remus, came back and killed the king and founded the city of Rome. Afterwards Romulus and Remus fought and Remus was killed. Romulus was Rome’s first king and after he died, he became a god and vanished. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Romans were tribal people who lived in†¦show more content†¦Once Rome had established its independence, the other Latin tribes followed. The Latins then joined up in a league against the Romans. Troubled by this, Rome abandoned its claim of hegemony in Latium. Rome saw advantage in peace and cooperation and in 493 Rome joined an alliance with its Latin neighbors as an equal. This was to be the Latin League. The alliance treaty held that business contracts between people from different states within the alliance were to be bound by law. The treaty held that in wars against outsiders, alliance members were to share in commanding armies and in the spoils of war.† In 390 B.C, several tribes of Celts that the Romans called Gauls attacked Rome. They defeated the Romans and ransacked the city but they could not defeat the soldiers fortified in the citadel. They finally gave up and left the Rome. The city was in ruins and many people wanted to leave and go to a nearby city. In the end however, the Romans decided to stay. They rebuilt the city and its walls. This defeat was very significant in Roman history because it made them adopt new and more effective military weaponry. They stopped using the spear in favor of a two-foot long sword, adopting helmets, breastplates and a shield with iron edges. They reorganized their army, putting in the front rank of their battle line not the wealthy soldiers as before but the youngest and strongest. The Romans then successfully defended themselves against attacks by Etruscans, Volscians, andShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Roman Empire973 Words   |  4 Pagessee how empires grew and became successful. Many em pires were so successful because of their leaders and their philosophies. Empires often had good runs and would be running successful until a stronger and more powerful empire would bring them down. One empire that was known as the most advanced both socially and politically in the western civilization was the Roman Empire. At about 285 CE the empire was so greatly advanced that the Roman central government could no longer rule the empire on its ownRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2740 Words   |  11 Pagesone thing comes to mind, the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires of all time. The span of the Roman Empire grew from itself outward to the countries of England, Africa, Spain, and even Syria. The Roman Empire covered a vast area of land, with ambitions of continued growth. The Roman Empire rose to glory in 27 BC. The rise of the Roman Empire began with its military forces and its many emperor’s reign. The society and life of Romans were also affected by the empire’sRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire Essay1875 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. He started his reign in 307 AD. During this time the Roman Empire was still composed mainly of pagans. Although the population of Christians was on the rise, in the beginning of the fourth century, Christians made up only 10 percent of the population in the Roman Empire. There were approximately five million Christians in the Roman Empire meaning that they were still the minority (Waldron). His conversion was an important turningRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1494 Words   |  6 Pagescentral Europe and occupied by several Celtic tribes in pre-Roman times. The land was claimed by the Roman Empire once the Celtic tribe Noricum fell to the Empire and became a providence. Once the Roman Empire gained control of the area, it soon set up a Military camp on the eastern side of the providence calling it the Upper Pannonia providence which was the home for 50,000 people for nearly 400 years. After the fall of the Roman Empire; Charlemagne, King of the Franks, had control of the land atRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2506 Words   |  11 PagesOne of the greatest empires to have existed in ancient human history is undoubtedly the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire maintained very sophisticated governmental policies. Not only were they responsible for groundbreaking political systems, Rome was very technologically advanced as well. Rome would lay a foundation for civilizations to come with the innovative political and technological breakthroughs they experienced. Unfortunately for Rome, the higher the rise also meant the harder the fall. RomeRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire2137 Words   |  9 Pagesas the Roman Empire was nearly compromised after the German Visigoths and their leader, Alaric, invaded it in 410 AD. This invasion of the newly Christian Empire that was supposed to be invincible shattered the confidence of the Romans and subsequently led them to question the power of their new single God. The Roman Empire has previously been a Pagan empire, but Constantine the Great converted the empire to Christianity less than a century before the Visigoths captured Rome. Many Romans were skepticalRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1864 Words   |  8 PagesJulius Caesar , a Roman general and statesman he turned the Roman republic into a powerful Roman Empire. A coup ended his reign , and his powerful life , on the Ides Of March. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Cr assus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservativeRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire is widely regarded as one of, if not the most dominant government to ever exist. Early civilization in Europe was dominated by the Romans, and their constantly growing empire. With the help of Greek political ideas, the Romans adopted one very similar where supreme power is held by the people from their elected representatives. These representatives were a part of the Senate, where all political laws were made and enforced, very similar idea to the type of Senate that existsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1224 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantine’s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marks a turning point of the Roman world and drives the spread Christianity. With Diocletian’s abdication in 305 A.D., Constantine’s troops acclaimed him as Caesar. The age of persecution began in 303 A.D. under Diocletian as an effort to rid the Roman Empire of Christians. It wasRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire863 Words   |  4 Pagesanyone who did not speak Greek. During the decline of the Roman Empire, many barbaric tribes took the opportunity to attack. The migration of barbarians closer to Rome put stress on an already stressed Roman government. The increased tension eventually lead to an outbreak of wars. In 410 Rome was sacked by the Visigoths—lead by Alaric—and was attacked again in 455 but the Vandals (â€Å"Dining With Attila the Hun, 448†). Attacks on the Roman Empire by the Huns did not start until the middle of the 5th century

Biography of Bernie Sanders, Independent Socialist

Bernie Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician, who since 2007, has served in the United States Senate as the junior Senator from Vermont. First elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990, Sanders is the longest-serving Independent in the history of the U.S. Congress. A self-described democratic socialist, Sanders mounted an unsuccessful campaign for the 2016 Democratic nomination for President of the United States, losing the bid to Hillary Clinton. On February 19, 2019, Sanders announced he would again seek the Democratic Partys nomination for the 2020 presidential election. Bernie Sanders Fast Facts Full Name: Bernard â€Å"Bernie† SandersKnown For: Twice sought nomination as U.S. presidential candidateBorn: September 8, 1941 in Brooklyn, New YorkParents: Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders and Dorothy Dora SandersEducation: University of Chicago (Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, 1964)Published Works: Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution (2017)Spouses: Deborah Shiling (m. 1964-1966), Jane OMeara (m. 1988)Children: Levi SandersNotable Quote: â€Å"Democratic socialism means that we must reform a political system that is corrupt, that we must create an economy that works for all, not just the very wealthy.† Early Life and Education Sanders was born on September 8, 1941, in Brooklyn, New York City, to Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders and Dorothy Dora Sanders. Along with his older brother, Larry, Sanders lived in Brooklyn, where he attended James Madison High School and Hebrew school in the afternoons. After studying at Brooklyn College from 1959 to 1960, he transferred to the University of Chicago, graduating in 1964 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. Political Career and Timeline Having lost several of his relatives in the Holocaust, Sanders’ interest in the importance of politics and government began early in his life. While a student at Brooklyn College, he was an organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement. After moving to Vermont in 1968, Sanders, running as an Independent, won his first of four terms as Mayor of Burlington in 1981. In 1990, Sanders was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Vermont’s at-large congressional district. He would later co-found the Congressional Progressive Caucus and go on to serve 16 years in the House. In 2006, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and was reelected in 2012 and 2018. In 2015, Sanders campaigned unsuccessfully for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. Though given little chance, he won primaries or caucuses in 23 states, garnering 43% of pledged delegates to the Democratic Convention, to Hillary Clintons 55%. Sanders went on to endorse Clinton in her campaign against Republican Donald Trump. In announcing his candidacy for the Democratic Partys Nomination for president in the 2020 presidential election, Sanders joined a crowded field of other candidates and potential candidates, including incumbent President Donald Trump and senators Elizabeth Warren, Kamala Harris, and Cory Booker.   The official government biography for Sanders lists his previous nonpolitical occupations as carpenter and journalist. A 2015 profile of Sanders by Politico reporter Michael Kruse quoted a political ally as saying his work as a carpenter was rudimentary and not good enough to support his family. It also detailed Sanders freelance work for the Vermont Freeman, a small alternative newspaper in Burlington called the Vanguard Press and a magazine called Vermont Life. However, none of his freelance work paid much. Heres a summary of Sanders political career: 1972: Unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate as an independent1972:  Unsuccessfully ran for governor of Vermont  as an independent1974:  Unsuccessfully ran for U.S. Senate  as an independent1976:  Unsuccessfully ran for governor of Vermont  as an independent1981: Won election to mayor of Burlington, Vermont, by 10 votes1986:  Unsuccessfully ran for governor of Vermont  as an independent1988: Unsuccessfully ran for Congress as an independent1989: Left office as mayor of  Burlington, Vermont1990: Won election to the U.S. House of Representatives2006: Won election to the U.S. Senate for the first time2007: Left the U.S. House of Representatives after eight two-year terms2012: Won re-election to the U.S. Senate2016: Campaigned unsuccessfully for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination2018: Won re-election to the U.S. Senate.2019: Launched a campaign for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination Personal Life Sanders married his first wife, Deborah Shiling Messing in 1964. The couple had no children and divorced in 1966. In 1969, Sanders’ natural son, Levi Sanders was born to his companion Susan Campbell Mott. In 1988, Sanders married Jane OMeara Driscoll, who later became president of Burlington College, in Burlington, Vermont. At the time they married, Driscoll had three children—Dave Driscoll, Carina Driscoll, and Heather Titus. Sanders also has seven grandchildren. Though he has described his religious heritage as American Jew, Sanders only occasionally attends synagogue, stating in 2016 that he had â€Å"very strong religious and spiritual feelings† and explained, â€Å"My spirituality is that we are all in this together and that when children go hungry, when veterans sleep out on the street, it impacts me.† Key Issues Sanders is most passionate about income inequality in the United States. But he is also outspoken about racial justice, universal healthcare, womens rights, climate change, reforming how Wall Street works, and getting big money out of American politics. But he has identified the disruption of the American middle class as the issue of our time. The American people must make a fundamental decision. Do we continue the 40-year decline of our middle class and the growing gap between the very rich and everyone else, or do we fight for a progressive economic agenda that creates jobs, raises wages, protects the environment and provides health care for all? Are we prepared to take on the enormous economic and political power of the billionaire class, or do we continue to slide into economic and political oligarchy? These are the most important questions of our time, and how we answer them will determine the future of our country. On Socialism Sanders is not shy about his identification as a socialist.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ive run outside of the two-party system, defeating Democrats and Republicans, taking on big-money candidates and, you know, I think the message that has resonated in Vermont is a message that can resonate all over this country, he has said. Net Worth Compared to the likes of Donald Trump, who claimed he was worth $10 billion, and millionaires Hillary Clinton, Ted Cruz and Jeb Bush, Sanders was poor. His net worth in 2013 was estimated at  $330,000 by the nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics. His 2014 tax returns showed he and his wife earned  $205,000 that year, including his $174,000 salary as a U.S. senator. Updated by Robert Longley   Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Sanders, Bernard (1941 – ).† Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.Nicholas, Peter (2016). â€Å"Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent.† The Wall Street Journal.Seitz-Wald, Alex (2015). â€Å"Bernie Sanders explains democratic socialism.† MSNBC.Krieg, Gregory Krieg. â€Å"Bernie Sanders launches second presidential campaign.† CNNMangla, Ismat Sarah. â€Å"Why Arent American Jews Celebrating Bernie Sanders In 2016?† International Business Times.

Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind Essay - 2412 Words

Gilbert Ryles The Concept of Mind In The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle attempts, in his own words, to explode the myth of Cartesian dualism. His primary method in this endeavour is to explain why it is a logical error to describe minds and bodies with semantically similar language; while secondarily, he proposes that even to speak of minds as a second-order ontology is to take the first step in the wrong direction towards intellectual clarity. Thus, with the desire to arrive at this hypothetical locale, the following peripatetic discussion will set out with Ryle at his point of departure, viz. Descartes Myth; it will then survey the lay-of-the-land at Ryles mapped out midway point, viz. Self-Knowledge; and from there, judge†¦show more content†¦The category-mistake is precisely the error that Ryle accuses philosophers to have made when describing minds, and also, when describing bodies; for these thinkers have clumsily referred to these things as minds and bodies; i.e. things of the same logical type. The res ult of this mistake, according to Ryle, is a conflation of causal ideas. Therefore, because physical events can be described as adhering to physical laws, theorists have assumed that mental events must adhere to mental laws. And just as physical phenomena occur outside the mind and are publicly witnessable, so too, following the mistaken logic, must mental phenomena occur inside the mind. Further proof of this conflation of concepts is found by looking at how the Mind has been described, i.e. as a private theatre attended by one alone. Following The Myth then, there must be two different types of existence -- one having physical status, the other having mental status: somewhat as the faces of coins are either heads or tails...so it is supposed, some existing is physical existing, other existing is mental existing.3 Thus the physical, as matter existing in time and space, is subject to mechanical laws; whereas the mental, as consciousness existing only in time, is subject to para-mechanical laws. According to Ryle it is this type of reasoning that is responsible for the familiar philosophical embarrassment, namely: how is it possibleShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind1107 Words   |  5 PagesGilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and is a rejection of the philosophical theory that mental states are distinct from physical states. Ryle argues that the traditional approach to the relation of mind and body (i.e., the approach which is taken by the philosophy of Descartes) assumes that there is a basic distinction between Mind and Matter. According to Ryle, this assumption is aRead MoreEssay on Cartesian Dualism and Gilbert Ryle1899 Words   |  8 Pages Gilbert Ryle is well known in the philosophical world specifically as a behaviorist. According to Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy behaviorist are â€Å"followers in the ‘ordinary language’ tradition of analytic philosophy, while, for the most part, regarding behavioral scientific hopes as vain, hold views that are, in other respects, strongly behaviorists†(Hauser 1). In the middle of the twentieth century the ordinary lang uage behaviorist movement was strongly covered by Ryle and Wittgenstein. TheseRead More The Concept of Intelligence Essay3428 Words   |  14 PagesThe Concept of Intelligence ABSTRACT: Gilbert Ryle’s dispositional analysis of the concept of intelligence makes the error of assimilating intelligence to the category of dispositional or semi-dispositional concepts. Far from being a dispositional concept, intelligence is an episodic concept that refers neither to dispositions nor to ‘knowing how,’ but to a fashion or style of proceeding whose significance is adverbial. Being derivative from the function of the adverb ‘intelligently,’ the conceptRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind Body Dualism1232 Words   |  5 Pagesscholastic Aristotelianism and created the first version of the modern mind-body dualism or emotion† (Encyclopedia Britannica). Born on March 31, 1596, he was dubbed as the Father of Modern Philosophy. His theory on the mind-body dualism, also known as Cartesian Dualism, created a stem of the modern problem of the relationship between the mind and body. He created the early version to further explain the interac tion of the mind and body, to create a firm foundation that can be explained through scienceRead MoreDescartes Teachings On Dualism977 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes sees the mind as an immaterial, non-physical soul. He believes that his thoughts can be altered but he can never be tricked into the thinking that he is thinking when he is not. While he has complete faith in the existence of his mind, he doubts the existence of his body and the existence of other people s minds. The reason for his doubt in his body is that he believes he can be tricked into perceiving himself as having a body when he in fact does not. Descartes sees the mind as separate fromRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 PagesThe Philosophy of Cognitive Science Psychophysical dualism — the distinction between mind and body — is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the main ontological problem of the philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properlyRead MoreCartesian Dualism vs Logical Behaviorism Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesAre minds physical things, or are they nonmaterial? If your beliefs and desires are caused by physical events outside of yourself, how can it be true that you act the way you do of your own free will? Are people genuinely moved by the welfare of others, or is all behavior, in reality, selfish? (Sober 203). These are questions relevant to philosophy of the mind and discussed through a variety of arguments. Two of the most important arg uments with this discussion are Cartesian dualism and logical behaviorismRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Mind-Body Problem Oluwadamilola Kamson Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy November 2016 INTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysisRead MoreThe Cartesian Theory Of Mind1648 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher responsible for many ideas and theories still used in the philosophical world today. He earned the nickname â€Å"Father of modern philosophy† for his work. One of his most in depth and lasting legacies is his â€Å"mind-body dualism† thesis also known as the Cartesian theory of mind. The Cartesian theory states that there are two different types of existence, physical and mental. Whatever exists must fall into only one of these existences and they cannot be both. This could be compared to theRead MoreThe Nature Of Mind By David Armstrong Essay1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn David Armstrong’s thought-provoking work titled, The Nature of Mind, he explains that the most convincing way to make sense of the mind-body problem is to approach it in a materialistic way. Specifically, Armstrong shows that the science of physico-chemical processes of the brain is the best way to explain the nature of our mind. He goes on to explain traditional and dispositional behaviorism, and states his own materialistic take on behaviorism. His arguments throughout his paper are very logical

Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute. Answer: Situation Aboriginal people have always lived in the Sydney district. The original natives who have lived in the city itself are the Gadigal people. The Council of Sydney acknowledges the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islander peoples as the actual custodians and owners to the lands where Sydney is situated. There are almost twenty-nine clans and tribes in the Sydney metropolitan area, who are collectively revered to as the Eora Nation (Heiss Gibson, 2015). The whole of the Sydney district has been traditionally occupied by various Aboriginal people. The territory of the Gadi people stretches from the southern side of Port Jackson, South Head to Petersham. The Alexandra canal and the Cooks river lie to the south of the territorial border of these people. The current discussion would be looking into the upcoming event that would be exhibiting the different aspects of the Aboriginal lives and culture of Sydney, which is scheduled to be held near the harbour, and understand how would it be ben eficial for me to know my community and culture in a better light. The exhibition has been aptly named The Aboriginals of Sydney: Our Heritage. The Eora people are the natives living in the coastal region of Sydney. The word was used by the Aboriginal people to describe to the earliest British settlers to describe where they came from, as well as to describe themselves as a clan (MacPhersonet al., 2016). To this day, the term is used by the descendants of the original Eora people and is like a mark that is proudly worn. The exhibition that is being organised by the citys Aboriginal community aims to expose the side of the ancient tribes that is unknown for many people, including the Aboriginal people, especially the younger generations. This exhibition would be helpful for me to understand my own community and culture in a better way. Moreover, the event would benefit me to properly assess the influence of the Aboriginal people on the European settlers and also look at the Aboriginals as my ancestors as well. The heritage of Sydney cannot by any means leave the natives out and this would facilitate me to have a better grasp of the legacy of the region. Evidence The native Gadi people use ancestral stories and ancient rituals to exert and establish their connection with the land, animals, sea, skies and the nature as a whole. When the first European settlers arrived in Sydney to establish the Penal Colony, about two hundred distinct native languages were spoken in the region (McKenna, 2015). The invasions almost wiped out the entire Gadigal people; however, the descendants of the Eora survived and are now an integral part of the metropolitan Sydney area. There have been many debates regarding as to which group do the twenty-nine clans belong to. It has been, however, established that while the Eora are the coastal occupants of the region, the Dharug or the Darug live in the inland areas, stretching from Parramatta to the Blue Mountains. On the other hand, the Dharawal people have lived in the area that lies south of Botany Bay and extends as far south as the Nowra region and across the Georges River in western Sydney (McKenna, 2015). The nor thern part of Port Jackson along the coast was inhabited by the Guringai or the Kuring-gai people. The group that is described as the Eora, is comprised of the clans Gadigal, Wallumedegal, Boromedegal, Gamaragal, Wangal, Borogegal, Gayamaygal and the Birrabiragal. Darug, Guringai and Dharawal are the three primary languages of the clan. Gundungurra was spoken in the south-west region of the territory and Darginung was spoken to the north-west of the Hawkesbury River.The tribes of this region relied heavily on fishing and other marine occupations. As the early colonisers arrived to Sydney, the Aboriginal people were friendly towards the new settlers. Even then, occasional problems did ensue from time to time. Yet, a cordial relationship has always been apparent in the region among the Aboriginals and the European people throughout the history of the region, which is a major contrast to the rest of the country. The areas around the harbour and the port were important hunting and fishing locations for the Aboriginal peoples or the region and, even after the European settlements, have remained culturally significant to the natives to this day (Connell, 2015). The first contact with the European people had destroyed civilisations and tribes all over the country; but the Gadigal culture managed to survive and is still in existence today in the Sydney. The Gadigal, along with other tribes who were the original inhabitants of the area around New South Wales moved to Sydney as the city developed and they have been since incorporated i nto the identity and culture of the city. The massive urbanisation of the Aboriginal communities is the most significant aspect of todays native people in Sydney. Action Over the twentieth century, the Aboriginal people have also participated in the political system of the region and have significant influences on the actions of the Territorial Government. This helped to create and develop a complex support system and privileges for the citys Aboriginal populace (Martin Trigger, 2015). The political activism has also helped the natives to be established as one of the most important parts of the regional as well as Australian culture. The state government has also publicly accepted the authority of the Aboriginals and their status as the original custodians of the lands. Redfern has been one of the most notable areas for civil rights movements and political activism for the Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders. The Aboriginal people have also developed their own education system over the last century and this has helped the younger generations to understand their own culture in a better way and has also paved the ways so that self-awareness cou ld be used to make them more determined to preserve their culture despite living in a cosmopolitan environment (Connell, 2015). With the knowledge that I already possess on the natives of the region, the exhibition would be further supplying me with the necessary tools and perceptions to get a better understanding of my own community. The heritage, legacy and the cultural history of my own people would better understood by me by attending the exhibition. References Connell, R. (2015). Setting sail: The making of sociology in Australia, 195575.Journal of Sociology,51(2), 354-369. Heiss, A., Gibson, M. J. (2015). Aboriginal people and place. Sydneys Aboriginal History. Sydney Barani, City of Sydney. MacPherson, L., O'Donnell, E., Godden, L., O'Neill, L. (2016). Water in northern Australia: a history of Aboriginal exclusion.Green Left Weekly, (1105), 10. Martin, R. J., Trigger, D. (2015). Negotiating belonging: plants, people, and indigeneity in northern Australia.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,21(2), 276-295. McKenna, M. (2015). Memorialising as recognition.History Australia,12(3), 219.